The Red Convertible Essay Example for Free

The Red Convertible EssayIn The Red Convertible, Louise Erdrich combines a glide path of age story of two Native American brothers with an allegory of the struggle of Native Americans to adapt to and live in the world cont cheat oned by White Americans. The ennoble The Red Convertible is a play on words describing the attempts of Native Americans or Redskins as they are called in bad movies from the 1950s to convert to the life style of the white people.In the first part of the story Lyman recounts his ability to make money easily in the white world. He is the only Native American boy allowed to shine shoes in the local American Legion, he sells spiritual bouquets for the nuns from the mission, and he takes a job at the Joliet Caf at the age of 15 and becomes its owner. He dupems destined to be a success in the white world.When Lyman and his older brother atomic number 1 combine their money on a trigger off to Winnipeg, they are able to buy a red Oldsmobile convertible. U sing this car for transportation, the Lamartine brothers set out on a trip along the United States-Canadian sharpness and on to Alaska. He remembers nothing that he has seen of the white world. Instead Lyman remembers the time spent in a place with willows (Erdrich pageboy number no comma). present he feels comfortable and at peace. Lyman also remembers with pleasure the time spent in Alaska where he felt like an animal in nature (Erdrich page number no comma).When Lyman and Henry return to the reservation, Henry is drafted into the Marines and sent to Vietnam. Soon after arrival he is captured and remains a prisoner of war for terzetto years. When he returns home, Henry has changed for the worse. An important part of him has been lost in the war.In the spring after his return, he and Lyman drive the red convertible to the Red River to see the high water. While watching the water, Henry reaches a decision about his life, I know it. I cant help it. Its no use (Erdrich page number no comma). Briefly, Lyman finds himself hoping that the old Henry as finally returned, but his hopes are frustrated when Henry suddenly stands, dives in the river and allows himself to drown. Lyman realizes Henry has killed himself because he no longer is able to exist in either the white world or with his people.After Henry disappears beneath the water, Lyman allows the car to roll into the river. This action symbolizes his rejection of the white way that destroyed his older brother. He destroys his car and now walks every where he goes. He is no longer content to be a Red Convertible.Works CitedErdrich, Louise. The Red Convertible. Name of book story is located in italics. Ed. Editors name or names for more than one editor. plant of Publication such as Toronto Publisher, year of publication, pages of story.

Satire in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Satire in huckleberry Finn EssayChapters 1-4 Superstition In chapters 1-4 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark bracing, Twains characters tend to get worked up over the silliest of superstitions. In the second chapter, when Huck accidentally flicks a spider into a flame, he, Was so sc atomic number 18d and most shook the clothes off him (Twain 3). He counters the burden that the on the spur of the moment spider will bring by performing plenty of even more odd acts exchangeable turning around while crossing his face and tying up a lock of his hair to ward off the witches. Huck is still anxious because he hadnt been told that any of those counter charms were good for removing the self-mortification of killing a spider. Most superstitions without these chapters stem from one person telling another(prenominal) of an irrational belief they hold as the truth like Jims magical hair-ball that he profits off of by telling pile very vague fortunes (Twain 17-18). Some of the se fortunes come true, so people tell others well-nigh the miraculous magic hair-ball.Superstition is an issue that has been around for constantly, and will probably be around forever. A psychologist, B. F. Skinner, discovered that any animal will arm superstitions, we are all just wired that way. For example, if one makes a bad grade on a test Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and it rains Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, one may start to call up that the rain is the causa why they have bad test grades just because of the correlation . Because of this, they may never motivation to take tests when it rains.Today, superstitions are less luxuriant because of widespread knowledge of science and reasoning, but it can still be observed in sports and religion where people do things squarely without a reason or dont really under hold why. They just do it because theyve everlastingly done it. Superstition today does not really harm society but aboveboard makes it more interesting. Chapter 5 avaritia In chapter 5, Mark Twains character, Pap Finn portrays greed in its purest form, and that is, in a stinky, rotten, hairy, drunkard. Pap Finn never does anything unless it benefits himself.Pap never helped another person out in the entire novel if it meant he had to lift a finger. He barely even visits his only son whenever he inevitably money. When Huck finds Pap in his room right after hearing Jims fortune about the appearance happening, Pap first orders Huck to stop creation smart because its making him look bad, and then reveals the real reason for his sudden showing up when he de manhoodds, You git me that money tomorrowI want it (Twain 20). Pap uses the last bit of his power, his father authority, to exercise his greediness. Twain uses Pap to prove that absolute greediness is illogical. regular though Pap does whatever he can to help himself, because he was not good to others like his son, he receives none of the wealth that Huck has gained which would be given to a decent father. Greed is strongly prevalent today, especially in our economy. The American capitalistic economy is strongly centered on greed and excess. The highest ranking person in a business is really almost just like Pap, except they are rich and all.. The banks often try to profit quickly from the less fortunate by mortgage scams and placing many in debt and in even worse conditions than they were already in.CEOs and executives on Wall Street find loopholes to help themselves without even considering the lasting effect on the economy. Of course, there is greed and corruption in the government too. I think that this positively reinforced greed has really damaged the country. Greediness is the nubble of America, but if it doesnt have boundaries, we may all turn into very lewd Pap Finns. Chapter 8 Slavery Twain, in chapter 8, demonstrates how slavery rips apart the moral textile of a society by exposing the hypocrisy and underlying effects of the issue.Slavery corrodes the slave featureer just as a good deal as the slave as evidenced by Miss Watson lying about never sending Jim to New Orleans, but since the money was worth more to her than a gay life, she goes substantiate on her promise (Twain 43). Despite Miss Watsons piety, because she owns a slave, her morals are allowed to break down, and she breaks a commandment and goes against the bible when she greedily accepts the money. Jim, as a slave, is always in fear. He was afraid of Miss Watsons discourse when he lived with her, afraid of world sent to be a plantation worker, and now terrified of being caught as a runaway (Twain 43).This alone is enough to ruin his humanity, not to mention his physical beatings as well. The only thing he has to hold on to are his various superstitions like, You musnt count the things you are going to cook for dinner, because that would bring bad luck (Twain 45), and all of the signs and other things he points out. Huckleberry, even though he is very fond of Jim , constantly refers to him as Miss Watsons Jim (Twain), reminding the reader that Hucks society was taught that slaves were just property and nothing more.Because of slavery, the southern society in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has a sink in morals by almost all of the whites, actually supports the devastatingly inhumane psychological and physiological treatment of humans, and contains seriously horrible false perceptions and prejudices. Slavery is not really an issue today. It has been abolished for over 100 years now. Although, the fact that (southern) society is surgical operation much better than it did back then proves that the slave-centered society was not only morally atrocious but similarly financially weak.The slave owners owned almost all of the wealth in the southern society. The poorer whites all idolized the planter aristocracy, but the aristocracy was hogging all of the wealth and causing the poverty. The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper, used charts and graphs to explain how exactly the non-slave holding whites were actually being harmed by the institution. The book was quickly ordered to be burned by the planter aristocracy. The only reason the poor whites kept voting for slavery was because they hoped to someday own slaves, and because they liked feeling racially superior.Slavery ended, and a few decades or so later, almost everybody was pretty much content with the way society was functioning Chapters 12-13 Mans Inhumanity/Cruelty to Man In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn is initially not one to stray away from wildness and is typically hypnotized with it. However, when Twain transitions the violence from make-believe with the band of robbers with Tom Sawyer to bloody, cruel violence on the steamboat, he exposes another moral atrocity by examining it through the eyes of a young boy.Although Huck had been intrigued with murdering and robbing in the beginning of the book, in chapter 12, Huck is greeted b y actual violence and death, and realizes how awful it really is. On the steamboat, Huck reacts extremely impulsively when he realizes that the men are actually going to die. He becomes alarmed and heroically wants to save them even if it meant risking his own life (Twain 69-70). Even though Huck had been raised by an outrageously selfish father, and even though he pretends not to be bothered by blood and guts, when confronted with real violence, he puts aside his own need to rescue another.A young, barely educated child can realize how barbaric cruelty to another human is, but the frequency of such events have just desensitized most adults from realize the true monstrosity. I strongly agree with Twains idea that most people are born innocent. Not a great number of killings have been done by young children. Today, I think most of the worst cruel, inhumane treatment is done by people with psychological issues. A lot is done by people who have grown up in an environment that has desen sitized them to violence like gangs, drug dealers, and the even the military.The media also plays a role in sustaining inhumanity. The increased violence in video games and on TV shows has made gaga events part of every day life. Although I do think most people can differentiate between real violence and fantasy, I also believe that making gore so prevalent has made it seem less serious than it actually is. To me, inhumanity is probably the most disturbing issue. I sympathize immensely with people in poverty, and I really hate people being treated unfairly, but I sometimes cannot even stand to hear or look at somebody treating another person like an animal or even saying awful things to them.Chapter 6 prejudices/biases In chapter 6 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satires black prejudice by contrasting a white man and a black man. The white man, Pap Finn is dirty, hairy, greasy, and illiterate. He is infuriated that a black man is allowed the right to vote even tho ugh he is, Most white as a white man(Twain 27). Pap Finn portrays the white man as evil and racist in the novel. The free black man is the complete opposite of Pap. He is clean, well-educated and nicely dressed (Twain 27). The differences in this man and Pap exacerbate Pap.Just being black was enough to gain Paps hate, but since it was a smart, clean, well-dressed black man, it set him off. Twain disproves the idea of black men being stupid and uncivilized and white men being the better breed by filling the book with exceptions to these claims. I think that people today do get flustered by people being different and come up with racist ideas to help them head with that. I guess I still live in my own little bubble of Kingwood suburbia, but I have not seen much evidence of extreme racism. I dont even really feel prejudice often either.I try to be analytical of people, but hardly ever base anything off of ones race. I know dangerous racism is still occurring in the deep south, but hon estly, its dying out because more and more people are realizing what Twain was preaching. All men are created equal. I think that homosexuals are the next group that will be vindicated. Their civil rights movement is chase more of the same patterns as previous ones. People have been slowly understanding them more and more. It is just hard for some to dismiss previously held beliefs.

The Role of Emotion Focussed Theory in Functional Assessment Essay Example for Free

The Role of perception focused Theory in Functional Assessment EssayIntroduction In this essay , I am elaborating on the types of psychotherapy which name persisted for generations and which have undergone favourable changes over the years, conforming to the opinions of great psychoanalysts who have written a large amount of literary endures from their experience and research. I am concentrating on functional estimation and sensation focussed possibleness and an integration of the two. I have quoted from a few studies by psychotherapists and researchers. The advantages of the flackes would be obvious from the essay. How an integrated approach scores over the earlier functional assessment is described here with the support of researchers views.The Role of Emotion Focussed Therapy in Functional Assessment. The humanist or experiential traditional psychotherapy included the Gestalt therapy, client centred therapy and the existential therapy which were practised for a lo ng time. The Gestalt therapy is a holistic, appendage oriented and field theoretical approach to human change.(Gestalt, Gestalt world(prenominal) Corporation). The factors of certainness, contact, mortalal responsiveness and responsibility atomic number 18 built into it. Primacy is ascribed to the uniqueness of the individual. The person is treated in whole rather than in parts. Biological maturation, environmental influences, interaction of the individual and the environment and creative adjustment play a crucial fictitious character (Gestalt, Gestalt orbiculate Corporation). Fritz Perls,the founder, considers the method as a congruence of many theories.Freuds psycho synopsis had an influence on Gestalt therapy. Perls used Freuds developmental sequence in his theory. The quad major concepts ar biological field theory, theory of the beingness, the need for making contact and relationship and the capacity for making wholes. Biological field theory states that an organism ca n be understood only in its organised, interactive, interconnected and interdependent totality (Gestalt, Gestalt ball-shaped Corporation). The second theory considers that an organism has physical, cognitive, aroused, social, economical, spiritual, aesthetic and interpersonal dimensions separately of equal importance.The third says contact or building of relationships is essential for survival. (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). A person who cannot make contact with his surroundings or has a finish requires intervention. The fourth speaks of the human being as having the capacity of organising and reorganising his bodily functions, perceptual functions, cognitive and doingsal aspects. Gestalt therapy is aimed at assisting the client in restoring his own ability to self-regulate as an organism and have successful and fulfilling contact with others in the environment as strong as be familiar with ones own faults. The person is led to cope creatively with himself and the envi ronment (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation)What is normal human nature? The psychologically healthy human being whose organismic self- standard isfunctioning well is a normal person. He is able to respond properly to his wants and of necessity and the environment (ID functions). He is able to respond to situations realistically according to his behaviour (Personality functions) (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation ). He is proactive instead of reactive, recognised by his ability to respond immediately and his willingness to take responsibilty. He lives with awareness in the present, is very aware about the past and is looking forward to the future (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation).When do you call a person abnormal? In psychological dysfunctioning there is a loss of awareness of needs, wants and desires. Free flowing and flexible contact with the environment is blocked or distorted. (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). He becomes reactive and simply unable to pot final res ults in their correct perspective. He is unable to take responsibility. His self support is limited and he seeks help from outside. His ID and reputation functions are disturbed. The style of contact changes (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation).The work of the Therapist The therapist focusses on improving the clients contact and relationships. He establishes a dialogic relationship with the client.Limitations of Gestalt therapy It lacks a distinct, elaborate and well be theory. The developmental causes of psychological suffering are not addressed. there are no definite and constructive theories on how to effectively bring about a change in the client ( Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). Psychoses and spirit disorders are not represented. It has a reduced potential in treating acute cases with suicidal tendencies. The therapist needs to be present for the sessions for maximum benefit to the client. Many a time this may not be possible due to limitations in time. The client s uffers and so (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation)Client centered therapy The client-centered approach outlined feeling as the center of sensation and cognition. The concept of experiencing and everything that is occurring within an organism at any apt(p) moment that is available to awareness are important. (Gendlin, 1962 Rogers, 1959). Extending deep understanding, empathy, congruence, caring are the various manners that a therapist can offer a client.experiential therapy This takes into consideration the human condition. It has many similarities to the psychodynamic, humanistic, experiential and relational approaches to psychotherapy. Rollo May is considered the Father of empirical therapy. Yalom in his book, Existential Psychotherapy, 1980, speaks of 4 themes death, freedom (responsibility), isolation and meaninglessness. These four issues are central to the human experience (Existential therapy, Hoffman)Functional Assessment The philosophy behind functional assessment has b een linked to the behaviourist tradition. It is an assessment- ground approach to psychological therapyFunctional analysis, behavioural assessment, antecedent consequent assessment, contextual assessment are terms used in it. Sequences form the basis of this therapy used by psychotherapists Cognitive behavioural assessment, systems focussed models, perception focussed therapy and psychodynamic therapy are utilised to bring the mentally disturbed back into reality. The presenting problem, effect factors, predisposing factors, perpetuating factors and protective factors are taken into consideration for functional assessment. The precipitating factors may instigate a problem in the presence of predisposing factors. The presenting problem takes the patient to a psychotherapist who sees him with the problem. What predisposed and what precipitated the problem have to be investigated into by the psychotherapist. The therapist studies the case and comes up with an idea about the perpetuat ing factors and the protective factors. Emotions are not given much consideration here.The Emotion focused theory Emotion research has come out with positive ideas on emotion. This kind of research has been done by many psychotherapists. Emotion theory and researchsay that emotion awareness, regulation and transformation are 3 important principlesof emotional change. Recognising the part of the brain involved in the distress, the type of affect dysregulation and the type of change thatt that could be used form the basis for therapy (Greenberg, 2002). An integrated approach with stress on affect, cognition and behaviour is what is recommended by most psychotherapists.This approach affects the system at a desired level cognitive, emotional, behavioural or interactional. Emotions are given their due importance as a fundamentally adjustive resource. They are a primary signalling system from birth and regulate our selves and give life its meaning (Greenberg, 2002). Healthy adaptation requires learning to be aware of, to tolerate and to regulate negatively charged emotionality (Frijda, 1986) as well as to enjoy positive emotions (Frederickson, 1998). Response to a fight-flight stimulus is said to be mediated by two pathways for producing emotion in the brain a fast emotional response to a distress signal and a slower thinking-brain response which is usually unable to come apart the reflex emotional response(Le Doux, 1996). The earlier response occurs based on previous experience. Similarly we can expect two kinds of learning one a more(prenominal) conceptual one and the other a more perceptual, associative one (Pascual-Leone, 1987). Two types of memory too are described one existent and the other emotional (van der Kolk, 1994). So two levels of processing are also possible a conscious conceptual system and a tacit experiential system. Two systems of knowledge are thereby spoken of knowledge by description and knowledge by experiencing (Greenberg, Rice and Ell iot, 1993). Scientists agree that the emotional response to an event is a constructive sequence of events (Greenberg, 2002). They could be described as stimulus appraisal, physiological appraisal, expressive behaviour, impulses to instrumental behaviour, interpretation, subjective feeling and visceral and motor responses. Freud purported the theory of excess energy being discharged as affect and its dysfunction. Modern psychoanalysts have discarded this idea. Psychodynamic analyst, Stolorow (1994) believes that the dynamic unconscious consists not of repressed instinctual drive derivatives but of affect states that have been defensively walled off because they failed to evoke attuned responsiveness. behavioural and cognitive theories state that negative emotion is seen as a disturbance and disorganisation that interfered with behaviour (Greenberg, 2002).These negative emotions are seen as symptoms and therapy is directed towards themBehaviourists and cognitive behaviourists seem to be increasing their focus on automatic-unconscious, cognitive-affective structures in theory and treatment (Young, 1990)Beck (1996) believes that the fight-flight mode involves a whole range of systems in its response perception of threat (cognitive system), feelings of anxiety or anger (affective system), that motivates the person to act (motivation system), the action itself (behavioural system) and physical mobilisation (physiological system). An orient schema is activated to trigger off the rest of the sequence and that too rapidly. Therapy aimed at the dysfuntional modes has 3 parts deactivation, construction of neutralising adaptive modes and changing the structure and content. Beck believes in the third method.Becks theory has seen changes but his combination of behavioural and rational intervention persists.Emotion in experiential therapy. Emotion has always been part of the humanistic or experiential therapy. In the Gestalt therapy, emotion was a vital regulator (Greenberg , 2002). Gestalt therapy may be seen as a form of training in emotional awareness. Blocking was interpreted as fueled by the wish to avoid painful or unwanted emotion. Feeling, in the client centred therapy, was defined as the union of emotion and cognition which were experienced inseparably.Emotion in the experiential therapy is now understood to be a biologically adaptive, rapid action tendency and a meaning system that provides feedback on the states of body and mind. It forms the basis of an adaptive growth system in the organism (Greenberg, 2002).The process of symbolisation creates conscious meaning. Greenberg has classified emotion into primary adaptive feelings which provide the information behind the problem, maladaptive emotions which need to be evoked and modified and secondary adaptive emotions which need to be investigated to submit the primary (Greenberg, 2002 ). Cognitive emotion schemes form the personality characteristics. They are focussed upon in therapy. The mal adaptive ones are to be changed in therapy (Greenberg, 2002).Theories that have met concurrence among psychotherapists. There is recognition that emergence of emotion is an important signal that material being discussed is significant to a persons well-being. The second gratuity is that awareness of emotion and attention to it in therapy are important to access the information in emotion ( Greenberg, 2002). The third says that desynchronies or incongruence among cognition, emotion and physiology can occur and is pathogenic. The fourth point of agreement says that emotion has to be aroused and processed in therapy to bring about change. The final point of agreement says that it is important to promote emotion regulation and emotional experience. (Greenberg, 2002) An integrated psychotherapy involves the 3 major change processes awareness of emotion, regulation of emotional arousal and changing emotion with emotion. Maladaptive emotions are changed by using another maladaptive one.Fu nctional Assessment in a school Functional assessment has been done to examine the factors related to the challenging behaviours of students. a great deal literary productions has been written on this. Whether Functional assessment is sufficient to discipline the behaviours of schoolchildren who had problems is a question raised by many psychotherapists. Functional assessment is defined as a set of assessment procedures used to unwrap variables that promote and maintain challenging behaviour and based on this assessment, interventions are then selected to modify some of these variables (Lennox and Miltenberger, 1989).Functional assessment is based on some assumptions a) specific contextual variables are directly related to nates behaviour b) these variables are set by assessing how they trigger and maintain the behaviour c) systematic manipulation of the variables can either reduce the challenging behaviour or support the development of becharm fuctional skills (Carr and Dur and, 1985 Durand and Carr, 1987). 5 reasonable hypotheses for poor academic performance have been discusseda) the student does not want to do work b)the student has not spent enough time on the work c) the student has not had enough help to successfully complete the work d) the student has not had previously to do the work in the requested manner. e) the work is too hard for the student. If the function of the difficulty is identified, matching interventions can be developed. If the child does not want to do the work, incentives may be offered to stimulate him to work (Merrell, 2006)The various studies that have been conducted appear incomplete in different ways. Only a few studies have examined their usefulness. Most of the study on behaviour was done out of school and not on the pro-social behaviour in school (Ken, Choutka and Sokol, 2002). Only some studies included class adaptive behaviours like on task behaviour and on task complianceInterviews, observation and theory are usef ul only for ordinary students. For disruptive carriage other methods have to be adopted. Researchers have suggested that the link between the functional assessment and the intervention implemented are not always clear in the research. Only 16 studies had referenced various procedures that were actually used to form hypotheses from which interventions were planned (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). Of the 16, only 5 could actually verify the hypotheses forwards intervention.The change agents in the literature were the researchers. Very few teachers or peers participated in the implementation of the functional assessment and interventions. All the reviews discovered that the assessments were done outside the students classrooms where the problematic behaviours occurred. Also a standard functional assessment has not emerged (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). The natural conclusion was that they were not adequate. Students with Emotional Behavioural disorders could not be assessed with these used formats. IDEA 1997 which was the legislative impulse for conducting FA in schools did not have the necessary baselines or standard process for this. The reactive policies did not require an assessment unless the child is disruptive or commits an offense. Teachers were missing the knowledge and skills to perform the functional assessment (Stichter and Conroy, 2005).Originally only individuals identified with severe developmental disabilities (Kahng and Iwata, 1999) had FA. This was conducted in clinical settings. This assessment format was found short for students with lesser disability who lie unnecesarily or indulge in drug abuse or carry weapons or threaten classmates.There has been a full general call for appropriate functional assessments to be done differently for normal children, children with mild emotional behavioural disorders and the really disruptive ones. The assessment needs to be done in natural settings (classrooms). Peers or teachers who can assess their own stu dents are the best assessors.Hypotheses are to be derived and the right intervention planned because before it is executed (Stichter and Conroy, 2005) Structural analysis is the hypotheses driven model that addresses the current challenges (Carr and Carlson, 1993). This method has been successfully used in natural settings with natural change agents to identify instructional variables that contribute to the acquisition of proactive responses as well as specific variables that contribute to problem behaviour. Preventing problem behaviour by supporting instructional and contextual factors that contribute to adaptive behaviour while designing interventions to increase skill acquisition is a practical extension of the functional assessment literature base for students with emotional behavioural disorders (Stichter and Conroy, 2005).Conducting classroom functional assessments will be more reflective of actual activities and naturally occurring environmental variables, providing a cleare r assessment of the daze of various change agents. Proposed interventions may be tested in natural settings through implementation of hypotheses to increase adaptive behaviour. The applied nature of the structural analysis helps the teacher see the change in adaptive behaviour (Stichter and Conroy, 2005) A study conducted by Richard van Acker et al examined the Functional Behaviour Assessments and Behaviour hinderance Plans of current practices developed by school teams in Wisconsin Findings suggested serious flaws (Acker et al, 2005). There was a lack of clarity in the identification of and operational definition of the target behaviour or behaviours under investigation (Acker et al, 2005).There was a failure to identify the efforts taken by the team members to verify the hypothesised function of the behaviour before intervention. Most surprisingly, the team members just neglected their findings on a behaviour when considering the Behaviour intervention plans. Teams with members who had undergone intensive training for the research produced better results. Team based FBA has been found to be a good proposition according to a study by Scott et al, (2005).Emotion focussed therapyResearch on lucifers therapy also shows the role of emotional awareness and expression in a satisfying relationship. Expression of underlying attachment-oriented emotions leads to a satisfying marital life in a couple who get the therapy.(Johnson and Greenberg, 1985). Showing more emotional experience in the therapy along with softening of blaming partners, the couple ended up being more satisfied than couples who showed lesser experiencing (Greenberg, Ford, Alden and Johnson, 1993).Expression of emotion is useful for terminating family conflicts too (Diamond and Liddle, 1996). One study demonstrated that an emotional cycle in the relaxation treatment, increase in arousal, arousal with reflection, more abstract reflection and then relaxation, following one upon the other finally resu lts in a good outcome Mergenthaler, 1996). All personality disorders described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) are considered as disturbances of affect regulation Descriptions have been included about borderline personality disorder where difficulty to control anger is the problem and schizoid disorder where extreme coldness is the problem.Conclusion Psychotherapy has undergone a major change from the days of the primitive man.The days of chaining to restrict their movements and putting them away in far off institutions have gone. The humanistic approach has given way to the integrated approach which includes functional assessment and the emotion focussed theory. Psychotherapists now vouch for this integrated approach as one. Schoolchildren in the United States have come under the legislative impetus whereby their performance in school is assessed based on their behavioural and emotional functions.The la x manner that was assumed earlier for this assessment has now been flayed. Researchers have advised that the children are assessed no matter whether they are disruptive or not and different techniques used for the normal, those with minimal disorder and those with disruptive behaviour. They have opined that teachers are the best people to assess the children in their own surroundings. Teams which underwent training are also recommended. Another advice is that interventions should only be undertaken aft(prenominal) reaching a hypothesis based on the assessment of children. Hopefully functional assessment integrated with emotion focussed therapy will turn out the best assessment after upgrading the assessment procedures.References. Acker, Richard van et al, 2005, Journal of bearingal Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2005 (C_ 2005), pp. 3556, customs Science and Business Media Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 125). New York Guilford Press. Carr, E. G., Carlson, Jane I. (1993). Reduction of severe behavior problems in the community using a multicomponent treatment approach. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 157172. Carr, E. G., Durand, V. M. (1985). cut behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Behavioral Education, 18, 111126. Durand, V. M., Carr, E. G. (1987). Social influences on self-stimulatory behavior Analysis and treatment application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 119132.Existential therapy, 2004, 11/4/08, http//www.existential-therapy.com/ Louis Hoffman 2004-2006Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press. Gendlin, E. T. (1962). Experiencing and the creation of meaning A philosophical and psychological approach to the subjective. New York Free Press of Glencoe.Gestalt Therapy Overview, Vol 4, No.3, Autumn 2000, 23/11/03, 10/4/08, http//www.g-gej. org/4-3/theoryoverview.html, Gestalt Global CorporationGreenberg, Leslie S. Integrating an emotion focussed approach to treatment into psychotherapy integration, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 2002, Vol.12, 2, 154-189, Education Publishing fundamentGreenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., Elliot, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change The moment by moment process. New York Guilford Press.Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300319.Kern, L., Choutka, C. M., Sokol, N. (2002). Assessment-based antecedent interventions used in natural settings to reduce challenging behavior An analysis of the literature. Education and Treatment of Children, 25, 113130.LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York Simon Schuster.Lennox, D. B., Miltenberger, R. G. (1989). Conducting a functional assessment of problem behavior in applied settings. Journal of the Association for Persons with Sever e Handicaps, 14, 304311.Kahng, S.W., Iwata, B. (1999). Correspondence between outcomes of brief and extended functional analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32, 149160.Merrell, Kenneth W., School Psychology from the 21st century Foundations and Practices, 2006, Guilford Press, US.Pascual-Leone, J. (1991). Emotions, development, and psychotherapy A dialectical constructivist perspective. In J. Safran L. Greenberg (Eds.), Emotion, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 302335). New York Guilford Press. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology A study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184256). New York McGraw-Hill Scott, Terrance M. et al, Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2005 ( C_ 2005), pp. 5771, Springer Science and Business MediaStichter, Janine Peck Conroy, Maureen A., Using Structural Analysis in Natural Settings A Responsive Functional Ass essment Strategy, Vol.14, (1), March 2005,Journal of Behavioural Education. Stolorow, R. D. (1994). The nature and therapeutic action of psychoanalytic interpretation. In R. D. Stolorow, G. E. Atwood, B. Brandschaft (Eds.), The intersubjective perspective (pp. 4255). Northvale, NJ Jason Aronson.Van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253265.Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL Professional Resources Exchange.

Ethnic inequalities in the workplace

pagan inequalities in the workplace3. Why, despite Race Discrimination, legislation do heathen inequalities in the workplace persist?There argon a large number of occupations including discrimination, human crown and social isolation that mean that ethnic inequalities in the workplace continue. Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and B drop Caribbeans suffer the most discrimination, have the least human capital and argon most prone to social isolation. This can be seen in that these ethnic groups have the greatest unemployment rates and lowest incomes. Meanwhile the Chinese and Indians do break down for themselves in comparison, however are still not on the same levels at Whites in Britain. Since the 1970s Black Caribbeans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis have continued to have double the unemployed rates that whites do. This is shown in the fact that on median(a) Black Caribbeans earn around 15% less(prenominal) than whites (Hall Carter, 2006). Meanwhile increasingly Indians and Chinese ha ve managed to gain much or less the same levels of whole caboodle at whites in Britain. Further more Indians, Chinese and Pakistanis have continued to have higher rates of self employment than whites or Black Caribbeans since the 1960s, sum Black Caribbeans do the worst in employment (Clark Drinkwater, 1998). However there is some evidence to suggest the situation is improving in the workplace that will be explored nearer the end of the essay.Discrimination, whether it be conscious or subconscious, is seen as a major factor in ethnic inequalities in the workplace in Britain. The general definition of discrimination is that it is prejudice treatment of a person based on their membership of a group. Often this discrimination is against a phantasmal group or race, even simply due to skin color. A vast amount of research suggests that discrimination against ethnic minorities continues to be a problem when it comes to employers hiring. (Deitch, Barsky, Butz, Chan, Brief Bradley, 20 03). Further studies also suggest that prejudice against ethnic minorities has remained at a constant level over the past 40 years (Li Heath, 2008). It is rebelliously a valid point that different ethnic minorities experience different levels of discrimination by whites within Britain. Research shows that the British universe overall cerebrate there to be similar levels of prejudice against Blacks and as there are with Pakistanis (Verkuyten Brug, 2002). There is a greens underlying prejudice view with some employers that these ethnics groups are most prone to laziness and crime. The view that racial discrimination is greater in manual force back such as building than it is in the non-manual labour such as constituent work is certainly a valid one, as it can be argued there are more social boundaries with an office environment than on a building site (Fraser, 2009). The higher an soulistic goes in the workplace hierarchy, the greater the rules and regulations set in place t hat prevents discrimination within that environment. Hence this means discrimination is likely to be greatest at the write down end of the manual labour hierarchy. It is fair to say Black Caribbeans and Pakistanis are more likely to be discriminated against than Indians and Chinese as there is a clear education gap between them. unfortunately due to the similarity in looks between Pakistanis and Indian they whitethorn well suffer equal discrimination. Black Caribbeans in particular will feel obliged to apply for lower pay back jobs (Verkuyten Brug, 2002). It is hence easy to see how once you are bracketed into a certain ethnic group, depending on which group that is, an individual is either in a round of golf of advantage or disadvantage. Whites would on norm be considered to be in a cycle of advantage with regards to ethnicity and work in Britain.The idea of human capital adds to the problem of ethnic inequality in the workplace. An employer will seek to asses how strong or w eak an applicants human capital is (their value as worker). For example if you are a graduate from university experience you are far more likely to be employed than someone who dropped out of school at the age of 16. Ethnic discrimination in human capital can be seen clearly in that if a white individual has the same qualification as an individual from an ethnic minority, the white individual is more likely to get the job. This is a sad but true fact, although one would like to think it is becoming less common in this current age. However, ethnic groups are not discriminated against to the same degree as one another, with Indians and Chinese often coming close or surpassing whites in their human capitol. This is due to ethnic groups differing levels of human capital, subsequently created by differing education levels. On average Indians and Chinese have higher educational levels than Black Caribbeans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis (Ratcliffe, 2004). This would help explain the pay gap s between the ethnic groups, with Indians and Chinese on average earning more than other ethnic minorities (through better jobs due to their better standard of education). Language is another vital part of human capital. In the first generation of migrants, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in particular lacked the English language one take to work. This is less of an issue now, but unfortunately these prejudices carry on into the second generation. Education levels and language skills are therefore crucial to judging an individuals human capital. Unfortunately due to conscious or subconscious discrimination of an employer being white is often an addition to an individuals human capital while often being a member of an ethnic group is seen as a subtraction to human capital.Another reason for ethnic inequality within the workplace is social isolation. This is germane(predicate) in particular among Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, as they are the most socially isolated of all the ethnic group s within Britain (Ratcliffe, 2004). Compared to other ethnic groups, in particular whites, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis lack the bridging social skills that are needed to gain work contacts within a predominantly white British society, which is almost essential to finding the jobs. Their social isolation may continue with their lack of good education and English language, which is again essential to networking for jobs. Further more ethnic minorities are often highly punishing in certain urban areas, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis having the highest level of geographical segregation from the white population (Solomon, 2003). Due to this they are less likely to mix with the white population of Britain, and therefore less likely to network for jobs. As a result there are very few examples of Pakistanis or Bangladeshis marrying into white families. Again, location is essential as to rates of pay or qualities of jobs. The first generation of migrants arrived in Britain with little kno wledge and little money, hence they moved into lower class and lower income areas of cities. This is where cycles of advantage and disadvantage are relevant once more. Ethnic groups who live in areas of deprivation are in cycles of disadvantage. Classic examples include areas of Slough, East capital of the United Kingdom and Bradford. Areas of deprivation will entail a piteous quality education and poor job opportunities and therefore will in turn create individuals of poor human capital that are likely to be discriminated against due to their geographical location and prejudice opinions that come with living in that area. On top of this, if an individual is of an ethnic minority there is even more discrimination likely to be consciously or subconsciously directed their way. Due to this, an area may become less desirable, and therefore only attract more migrants or unemployed due to the cheap standard of living, adding further to the problems of the area.While there is raise evide nce to suggest ethnic inequalities within the workplace persist, there is some evidence of the situation improving. Overall racial discrimination is becoming less common due to new rules and regulations, as well as it being frowned upon to the highest degree. In particular, Black Caribbean individuals are marrying white individuals hence bridging the gap between ethnic groups and creating more networking for employment (Hall Carter, 2006). The second generation of migrants are generally doing better with jobs than the first generation due to their greater integration into the education system and greater engross of the English language. In particular Indians and Chinese are acceleration in the economy, gaining high earning jobs in law or medicine.In conclusion, there are a large number of problems including discrimination, human capital and social isolation that mean that ethnic inequalities in the workplace persist. Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Black Caribbeans suffer the most in equality in the workplace, while the Chinese and Indians do better for themselves in comparison, however are still not on the same levels at whites in Britain On average the whites in Britain do better overall in the workplace than the other ethnic groups due to the above problems. Having said this, the second generation of migrants have through with(p) better in the workplace than the first generation of migrants.

The Advantages Of Studying Abroad Education Essay

The Advantages Of Studying Abroad Education EssayThe development of the society is going towards a globalised world where the social, cultural and traditionalistic differences between people are becoming less distinguish adapted. One of the key factors which has largely influenced in the development of peoples way of understanding and analysing social and cultural determine is pedagogy which has taken an important place in the new century. Education is an essential foundation for personal, social and economic success in a globalised economy (OECD 2008). International studies are becoming the new trend of young people as a way to expend their education beyond their traditional education style and their everyday world (Spiering and Ericson 2006). Johnson and Mulholland (2006) consider international education as an opportunity to increase the awareness of the people about the culture of the world which deal contribute in creating individuals with a broader understanding of issues concerning todays society rather than limiting them in the scope of home educational system. In this point of view, disciplineing afield students gain the opportunity to learn much about world affairs and increase their acceptance of other countries regardless of the differences in culture or language. except examine in a orthogonal directly benefits in culture a new language. Pellegrino (1997) argues that study orthogonal is one of the close to effective shipway of becoming proficient in a new language. assimilators who chose to spend a certain amount of time in a verdant the language they are willing to learn is spoken, have the opportunity to interact with native speakers a fact which would directly influence in the improvement of their linguistic and sociolinguistic skills to strain real communicative goals, and to convey the tangible and visible manifestations of the culture of the country (Pellegrino 1997). Individuals who have studied abroad in foreign language often instal cognitive development, creative thinking which surpass the abilities of individuals who have educational suffers of their home country only (Kinginger 2007).One of the reasons why pottyvas abroad is becoming more important nowadays considering the effects of globalization, is the international communication channel market. Qiang (2003) observes that there is a significant increase in the number of recruitments regarding the international workforce due to globalization attend to which has caused the education system, especially higher education, not to be strictly viewed in the national context. Mpinganjira (2009) learns that the need of being competitive in the international job market has influenced many students to look to opportunities to enhance their career prospects through acquiring high tonus education with qualifications that are recognised worldwide.OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study is to analyse the advantages of studying abroad from the students point of view and to propose some new ways of thinking for students when evaluating the possibility of studying in a foreign country. The possibleness to be studied is students in the Southern and Eastern Europe think that high quality of studies can only be achieved through studying in a Western country. In addition the primary and secondary research will attempt to identify some of the factors that influence in the resource of students regarding their studies. or so of the major objectives of this study areThe guiding factors for young people toward choosing a university abroad rather than going in a local universityHow important is the financial situation in deciding to study in a foreign universityWhat role plays the learning a new language in deciding in which university to goIdentify the opinion of students about the influence that a period of studies would have in their personal life and future careerMATERIALS AND METHODSThe research process was divided into two major parts whic h contributed in the disposition and analyze of the data. The first part included secondary data collection from different sources cogitate to the subject of research. Some of this sources are used in the paper in order to explain different facts regarding to the topic. The second part consisted of primary data collection through a survey which was designed in accordance to the characteristics of the commonwealth it was intended for (see Appendices Survey). The survey was distributed to young people (high school and college students) in Korca, Albania by e-mail. It resulted in 25 respondents out of 50 actually delivered or 50% response rate. In order to increase the number of respondents the survey was redistributed to students in Perrotis College finish the intended number of respondents, 50.After the data were collected Microsoft Excel was used in order to organize the data in tables. Afterwards the data were trade to JMP 8 statistical software where the data were analyzed us ing tables, charts and other statistical analyses figures.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCharacteristics of the populationFrom the analyse of the data using JMP 8 the characteristics of the population were identified. display board 1 contains the full characteristics of the population and the responses retrieved from the survey.No. of partecipantsGenderFactors in deciding where to studyWould you go to study abroadWhy foreign universityAdvantages of foreign universitiesWestern Universities offer quality16 masculine fictitious characterQuality more opportunitiespersonal interpretyes17 maleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesquality of studiesyes18maleQualityQuality first-class experiencequality of studiesmost likely19maleQualityQualityCouldnt study in my countryLanguage proficiencyyes20maleQualityQualityCouldnt study in my countryLanguage proficiencyyes21maleQualityQualityCouldnt study in my countrypersonal experienceyes22maleQualityQuality thin experiencequality of studiesyes23maleQualityQualit yExcellent experiencequality of studiesyes24maleQualityQualityExcellent experiencequality of studiesyes25maleQualityQualityExcellent experiencemulticultural experiencemost likely26maleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesmulticultural experienceyes27maleQualityQualityMore opportunitiespersonal experiencemost likely28maleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesmulticultural experiencemost likely29maleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesquality of studiesyes30male approachCostExcellent experienceLanguage proficiencyyes31maleCostCostExcellent experiencemulticultural experienceyes32femaleLocationLocationExcellent experiencepersonal experienceyes33femaleLocationLocationMore opportunitiesquality of studiesmost likely34femaleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesquality of studiesyes35femaleQualityQualityExcellent experiencequality of studiesyes36femaleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesmulticultural experienceyes37femaleLocationLocationCouldnt study in my countrypersonal experienceyes38femaleQualityQualityExcellen t experienceLanguage proficiencyyes39femaleQualityQualityMore opportunitiesmulticultural experiencemost likely40femaleCostCostMore opportunitiesmulticultural experiencemost likelyDistributionsAgeAge of RespondentsFigure 1Frequencies take aim debateProb17 1890.1800018 20110.2200020 22220.4400022 2450.10000above 2430.06000Total501.00000N deficient05 LevelsFigure 1 illustrates the age characteristics of the sample involved in the survey. As it is shown the majority of the respondents belonged in the age group of 20 22 years old which corresponds to the first year of college for many countries.GenderDistribution of the sample by GenderFigure 2FrequenciesLevelCountProbfemale190.38000male310.62000Total501.00000N Missing02 LevelsFrom figure 2 gender characteristics can be understood. The research has been directed to 50 individuals where 62 % or 31 of the respondents were males while 38% or 19 respondents belonged to female gender.Factors in deciding where to study fundamental factor s which influence the students when choosing where to study.Figure 3FrequenciesLevelCountProbCost110.22000Location30.06000Quality360.72000Total501.00000N Missing03 LevelsThe above figure summarises some of the most important factors which influence the young people by the most when making a finding about the university they are going to be attending. As shown the most important factor in students opinion, is the quality of studies that a university offers or the fame of the university.Would you go to study abroadThe students willingness to study abroadFigure 4FrequenciesLevelCountProbI dont know220.44000No20.04000Yes260.52000Total501.00000N Missing03 LevelsWhen asked about their willingness to continue their studies in a foreign university 52% of the students answered that they would chose a university outside their home country for their studies while, 44% of them answered that their choice would depend on the characteristic of the universities they would go in their country. This part of the questioned sample would go for studies abroad only if the universities in their country would not offer the favored characteristics for the students. Only 4% of the students answered that they are not considering at all the possibility of studying in a foreign country.Why foreign universityReasons for choosing a foreign universityFigure 5FrequenciesLevelCountProbCouldns study in my country110.22000Exellent experience180.36000More opportunities210.42000Total501.00000N Missing03 LevelsThe majority of the students think that foreign universities offer more opportunities for their future career, therefore, they would go to study abroad. The other part of the students consider studying abroad as an excellent experience in their lives. On the other hand, the minority of the questioned students would go in a foreign university only if they wouldnt be able to study in their preferred university in their countries.Advantages of foreign universitiesAdvantages of studying abroadF igure 6FrequenciesLevelCountProbLinguage proficiency50.10000multicultural experience180.36000personal experience110.22000quality of studies160.32000Total501.00000N Missing04 LevelsRegarding to the advantages that the foreign universities offer compared with studying experiences in the home countries, students are approximately equally divided regarding to what they think are the advantages of studying abroad. 36% of the students consider the multicultural aspect of the studies as the most important factor on studying in a foreign university while 32% emphasise the quality of studies in other countries as the important aspect. Also the possibility of personal experiences and opportunity to know yourself better are very important in students evaluation for a university. While the opportunity of learning a new language proficiently is less important.Financial implications of studiesStudents opinion about the impact of costs associated with studying abroadFigure 7FrequenciesLevelCountP robAgree140.28000Dissagree10.02000Dont know80.16000Strongly agree270.54000Total501.00000N Missing04 LevelsThe biggest part of the students strongly agreed that the cost of studying in a foreign university plays an important role in deciding to go for studies abroad or not.Western Universities offer qualityDo western universities offer better quality?Figure 8FrequenciesLevelCountProbmost likely120.24000yes380.76000Total501.00000N Missing02 LevelsWhen asked if they think that universities in the Western Europe offer a better quality compared with universities in their own countries, the majority of students, 76% agreed that the universities in the west offer more opportunities for a high quality of studies, while, 24% of them answered that they were not confident(predicate) on this statement. There were no students to disagree.Contingency Analysis of Western Universities offer quality By Home CountryMosaic PlotContingency TableHome Country By Western Universities offer qualityCountTo tal %Col %Row %most likelyyesAlbania612.0050.0019.352550.0065.7980.653162.00Bulgaria00.000.000.0024.005.26100.0024.00FYROM36.0025.0050.0036.007.8950.00612.00Greece12.008.3312.50714.0018.4287.50816.00Moldova12.008.3350.0012.002.6350.0024.00Turkey12.008.33100.0000.000.000.0012.001224.003876.0050TestsNDF-LogLikeRSquare (U)5053.76350680.1366TestChiSquareProbChiSqLikelihood Ratio7.5270.1843Pearson7.7100.1730DiscussionIn the table above can be observed that the model constraint by the hypothesis has a log-likelyhood of 3.763 while the ChiSquare has a non significant p-value of 0.1843.The hypothesis risen in the beginning that Student from Eastern and Southern Europe think that high quality of studies can only be achieved through studying in a Western country is supported by the values given form the contingency analysis. Therefore the hypothesis is accepted.CONCLUSION

Ritz Carlton marketing analysis

Ritz Carlton marketing analysis1. IntroductionRitz Carltons marketing conduct is a accredited paradigm that follows root rudiments of Marketing as a management discipline i.e. recognising, anticipating and satisfying guest needs profitability as defined by Chartered Institute of Marketing, UK (Cited in Brassington Pettitt, cc1). At same pass of condemnation, the activities undertaken by Ritz Carlton under its marketing strategy not only contribute to everyplace only scar set outment but instead in any case exemplify innovative methods to promote products or supporters and nigh signifi skunktly how to satisfy claims promised to nodes as split up of the strategy.This assignment focuses to reveal menses positioning of Ritz Carlton in intentness, and discuss in depth important factors responsible for success of connection. At same point of time, assignment will also examine the imperative factors that contribute to Ritz Carlton quality of do as perceived by guests. F inally light would also be laid pour down on how union tries to supply consistent -universal experience to its client all round the world and factors that act as obstacle against it.Company OverviewRitz Carlton is one of the most well known luxury hotels go with in the world. Right from inception, Ritz Carlton has brought significant innovation in practises of hospitality industry (See The Ritz Carlton, 2010a).With history of existence and success of everywhere 100 years, Ritz Carlton as a company currently adopts Limited Liability Company nature of ownership. Ritz Carlton LLC is secondary company of Marriot Hotel internalisation. The p bent company, Marriot Hotels hold as some(prenominal) as 18 bulls eyes including Ritz Carlton. The Ritz Carlton at presents manages 72 luxury hotels in 24 countries located in 5 different regions in the world, the USA and Canada Mexico, Caribbean and South the States Asia-Pacific Europe and Middle East. Besides, the company has a number of further expansion plans specifically concentrated towards eastern world with a view to take favor of booming market. (See Worth, 2009)Service MarketingWith development of marketing as a discipline, the scope of marketing has also enhanced. Jacques et al (2007) rightly points out that it is shapings self wager that decide its future course of it action. This self interest of any physical composition mostly depends upon nature of crease it adapts and whence, it is extremely important to recognize with what range of organisation we ar dealing with beforehand, (Like Consumer, B2B, Service, Small Business, Web based and so on) so that its marketing strategy can be woven around core goals. Ritz Carlton shield on product spectrum offered by Brassington Pettitt (2007) indicates that the product that they deal with is characte cosmetic surgeryd by extremely greater aim of service or in fact pure services.RITZ CARLTON ritz_carlton_logo.jpg intangibility Perishability Lack of Owners hip Heterogeneity InseparabilityDifferent customer will opine differently on their experience at Ritz. customer involvement plays life-sustaining role.Customer need to come in contact with hotel -Service provider.No Exchange of any Items takes place as part of primary offerings.Simultaneous process of producing and consuming service. warmness of Ritz Carlton success measure depends on Experience of customersFigure 1 Position of Ritz-Carlton in the crossroad SpectrumAssumptionsRitz Carlton as discussed above is not only a subsidiary of Marriot Hotel Incorporation but also a LLC that deals with various type of accommodation. This does not plainly include hotels but rather also involves Clubs and residence properties. This assignment specifically focuses on Ritz Carlton as cosmic string of hotels. Moreover, analysis is completely based on its worldwide presence and not limited to any particular geographic market. This is by design done so as to under point of view marketing of Ri tz Carlton as chain of hotels rather any specific unit. However, for understanding and justification purpose, region specific examples are cited in certain parts of assignment.2. Exploring Secret do-nothing Ritz Carltons SuccessRitz Carlton as an organisation offers its services across five continents. Right from USA to Asia its hotels at foremost look give us experience of beyond imagination architecture and provides stereotype of luxury and elegance. There is no doubt to the fact that physical border (which include premises) in case of service industry act as one of the most important element, that define success criteria for influencing consumer behaviour (Bitner M.,1992) and portray what it stand for. Physical evidences i.e. tangible items add value to service being offered. However, it can be argued that it is not the lone measure responsible for hotels success. The elementary yard behind this is, a customer never judges a hotel solely on foundation of its tangible infras tructure (Building, Technological availability, Type of Rooms etc) but rather there are number of other elements that play vital role. This part of assignments will try to identify such important factors responsible behind Ritz Carlton success.successfully Targeting SegmentationThe need of customers varies for various reasons and therefore it is very important to identify prospective strategic customer for organisation, (Johnson et al, 2008) at same point of time organisation must also have calibre to satisfy the targeted group of customers. Ritz- Carltons continued success, behind the scenes depicts its ability to successfully targets it ingredientation, offering perfect Marketing Mix elements. Moreover, it also ensures that modifications are made in marketing rumple elements with changing scenario in market trends and both these factors act as pick up elements. Kotler et al (2009) emphasise on a point that, marketing is all about forming strategy towards consumer and customer needs and thereby offering service or product that satisfy those needs. Ritz Carlton as an organisation in true sense is perfect at adjacent and applying this basic ideology. This assignment aims to identify success factors of Ritz Carlton in light of marketing go elements with a view to justify above argument.Identifying Market Focus (Segmentation) Marriot Hotels has divided their business to number of segments where Ritz Carlton serves as Luxury Lodging (See Marriot Hotel Incorporation, 2008) and hence it is very unequivocal from this fact that Ritz Carlton as a company exists to serve luxurious hospitality Ritz Carlton hotels are located at more than 70 destinations, the basic customer segment which Ritz-Carlton targets is, people with rich lifestyle in all aspects of life. Irrespective of any geographic location on earth, age, social-cultural belief, opinion of an individual, the common element that Ritz tries to concentrate is great deal with Lavish living. thusly, it can b e invariably noticed that Ritz Carlton adopts concentrated targeting method towards Psychographic segmentation. As Brassington Pettitt (2007) rightly points that lifestyle segmentation is very difficult to define, we came up with following charges that Ritz Carlton try to target. (See figure 1.1).Psychographic SegmentationRitz CarltonFigure 2 Targeting Customer SegmentationFactors Defining Success of Ritz CarltonPerfect Offerings (Product)The product anatomy (See figure 3) of Ritz Carlton illustrates that it is not just a customary hotel which satisfies basic needs but rather, it aspires to provide unforgettable experience to its customers, which perfectly matches its target market. Most importantly, providing value added services as personalized attention very well justify its marketing appeal to customer Experience The Ritz, enabling it to exceed customer expectations. Moreover, this value added services acts as arising of tremendous additional r raseues for Ritz Carlton. (Bax ter J, 2007) One of vital point to focus is product development undertaken i.e. offerings of special packages, with a view to quarter more customers and adapt to current market situations. (See Appendix) Furthermore in hospitality industry, locations act as products, as it creates value to selling points and influence buyers behaviour as well (Brassington Pettitt, 2007). All properties of Ritz Carlton are majority placed in USA, China and European countries which are strategically located as it intends to focus on top most tourism and business destinations of the world. (See UNWTO, 2006) Moreover, Ritz Carlton has its hotels at New York, London, Paris, and Dubai which are strongest cities in terms of highest occupancy rates of rooms. (Worth S., 2009)ritz_carlton_logo.jpgFigure 3 Product Anatomy of Ritz CarltonDirectly getting in tip with end Customer (Place)In service industry generally, there exist direct selling between service provider and end customer and the basic reason be hind this is core characteristics of service products by nature (i.e. Perishability, Intangibility, Heterogeneity, and Inseparability) as discussed above. (Cowell, 1984) The activity of providing service for hotels initiates as soon as customer triggers its efforts for bookings. Ritz Carlton recognises importance of summon in online booking which almost doubled in 2007 (Research by Travelclick cited in Baxter J., 2007) and offers easy access to its customer to book from its own website. Ritz Carlton has also entered into best addressable rate programmes with website as (such as Thomson.co.uk, InspiredLuxuryEscapes.com) to play with consumer confidence to get cheapest rates on web. This evidently suggests that primary focus of Ritz Carlton is to directly contact the customer which is vital need of service marketing i.e. to reach out customer and influence their behaviour encouraging them to experience your service (Brassington Pettitt, 2007).Pricing Concentrating towards Sub-Segme ntations ( impairment)Price must change customers percept towards compensation of service offered and value paid against it (Jacques et al, 2007) and therefore it is vital to ensure that pricing strategy is in synchronisation with segment targeted. As Javalgi et al (2006) rightly indicates that Ritz Carlton extends it services to industry executives, meeting and corporate travel planners, and affluent travellers, targeting sub-segments also plays important role. Ritz-Carlton has carved niche for itself which is evident from various range of prices its offer. At Ritz London one night accommodation costs from about 250 up to 3500, while similarly in USA markets the range exist between 200$ to 3000$ (As on 10 march 2010). This suggests that Ritz Carlton concentrates on sub segmentation acts as an advantage. However, base pricing is one of the field of forces where Ritz Carlton needs to seek improvements (See Current Positioning part) to attract more customers.Brassington Pettitt (20 07) also brings to notice important issue that price is an important tool to manage demand. Understanding this vital point, during recent tough time company brought out number of attractive packages to influence more customer (Like package of 2 nights stay at 449$ per family) (See Schultenover J Strout E, 2002) and that defines companys ability to alter marketing mix elements as per relevant conditions.Balance Innovative Endorsement (Promotion)Ritz Carlton involves itself with both form of promotional activities as referred by Berkowitz et al (1992) i.e. product orientated and institution oriented. It adopts a balance promotional strategy ensuring that using product oriented approach it continuously communicates with customers regarding its USP (Unique Selling Point) and recent offerings on other hand it uses Institution oriented approach to preserve Ritz Carlton as a Unique brand with historical excellence influencing consumer behavior.Impact of Promotion on Consumer Perceptions towards Ritz CarltonHigh ExpertisePremium brand nameLife Time ExperienceSymbol of StatusGoing Beyond ExpectationsRespect For BrandA payoff of PrideInnovative and benchmark for forestFigure 4 Impact of Promotion on ConsumerIn addition to this, Ritz Carlton adapts PULL strategy (Brassington Pettitt, 2007) using perfect medium to directly communicate with customer. With rise in concept of Social marketing Ritz Carlton has tied up with Travel Click to actively manage its promotion over web. (Hospitality.Net, 2009) To target business travellers, make-up adverts are given in leading business magazines (e.g. Business Traveller) along with television adverts and advertising in airlines. One of the important observations is Ritz Carlton uses its own Website as major promotional medium. All package brochures, promotional videos, Ritz Carltons own magazine are uploaded to website. (See The Ritz Carlton, 2010)One of the significant points of observation is Ritz Carlton provides innovative edge to its promotion strategy. One of the sheer examples is, it markets its biggest asset i.e. Employees. There is not a single promotional videos which fails to give importance to its own staff representing them as creators and followers of high quality standards in industry terming them as Our Ladies Gentleman (See The Ritz London, 2008 Ritz Culture, 2007). Apart from this, instead of using simple adverts Ritz Carlton has created short films which are aired on televisions, hotel rooms, and websites to make people understand what singularity of its services is. (See The Delay, 2008 The Last Night, 2008, New Gold Standards, 2010, Audi and Tarma, 2007). Hence innovative and a balance promotional strategy is one of the important factors responsible behind Ritz Carlton success.Staff- A Biggest Asset (People)March, J.G and Simon (1958) emphasise on vital point that organisations are primarily formed and governed by people and therefore image reflection of organisation largely depend upon actions of its staff and this is especially true in case of service industry as it deals with process of interactive marketing (Kotler P and Armstrong G, 2004 Brassington Pettitt,2007). Ritz Carlton understands this vital point and implements customer focused approach. It aims at hiring right people, providing best fit to organisations culture of Putting Customer First who are characterized with a strong sense of determine and overall desire to go beyond the call of duty. (Emerald Database, 2003) Furthermore, Ritz Carlton goes step ahead, as an organisation, it strives to get known for its excellent service and that act as a make out to its success. Organisation best at this must try to invest their money, talent, time and attention to strengthen their current positing (Ferrell O.C Hartline M., 2006) and that what Ritz Carlton does by investing in its people. In this process, over the year Ritz Carlton has developed and raised bars of customer services with help of their s taff which itself now act as their behavioural core competence that cannot be easily imitated by others. (Johnson et al, 2008 Bacon, 2005)Internal Values Operations (Process)It is important for service industry to pay attention to both, employees and customer to successfully implement process of service profit chain. Ritz Carlton as an organisation aims to take extreme care and respect for their employees, with an understanding that, in return they will put up efforts to fulfil even unexpressed wishes of their customer. (Kotler P and Armstrong G, 2004) The employees are empowered, trained to develop gold standards (See Emerald Database, 2002) and are considered biggest strength of the organisation which produces exemplifying services towards customer. Employees are trained motivated to develop relational exchange with customer with a view to increase loyalty and development of brand. (Jain R and Jain S, 2006)Creating ValueInternal ProcessCUSTOMER focussingFigure 5 Service Profit C hain for Ritz CarltonAnother important contributing factor is Ritz-Carlton has been successful in developing its own culture of work (Kent W, 1990) which is now considered as gold standards (Benchmark) towards quality development in servicing industry. Ritz Carlton also uses CLASS database with purpose of registering likes/dislikes, Interests, preferences, previous problems faced, attitude of every individual customer to provide personalised service. Hence, putting all together, these are innovative process that enables Ritz Carlton to fully engage employees and generate a creative delightful experience to its customer on one hand and simultaneously developing an unique core competence for itself at other hand.(Timmerman J, 2009)2. Current PositioningAccording to Kotler et al (2009), all marketing strategy is built on STP Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy i n a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys distinctive offering and image. Positioning is process of analysing product or service, offered in context of private-enterprise(a) space (includes buyers and competitors) it works out. (See Brassington Pettitt, 2007 Kotler et al 2009) It is a way of creating and engaging a place in the mind of the target market by highlighting the companys offering, brand and image. The ultimate outcome of positioning is a flourishing establishment of a consumer focused value proposition, in other words a convincing reason why the target market should buy the product (Kotler, 2003) and therefore it act as base to companys success. This part of assignment aims to explore current positioning of Ritz Carlton in market.The basic idea is to understand customers perception towards our brand and towards our closest competitors. At same point of time identifying attributes that are responsible for creation of this illusion in minds of customerIdentifying relevant attribute playersThe various attribute offered by the brand represents its market position, which are viewed and compared against other brand. Brands that offer similar package of attributes are deemed to be in the same competitive set (Dev C.S et al, 1995) and therefore it is important to concentrate on direct competitors rather than industry as a whole. Efforts must be laid down to identify players with similar attributes competing on same values. (Johnson et al, 2007)It is a nature of the hospitality industry that most of the attributes offered are intangible which makes it tricky for the customer to differentiate the offerings of the competitor as such things can be experience only by staying in the hotel. A part of the positioning is also subjective, as it involves customers perception towards brand.Here, analysis is based on Marketing Metrix Hospitality Index* which reveals price and level of customer happiness from the feedback of more than 35000 customers across world. (See appendix) There are numerous players in hospitality industry targeting luxury segment and so it is decided to firstly filter relevant players on basis of tangible attribute i.e. area of market covered geographically, as analysis is based on worldwide scenario. This enables us to get core market competitors (See figure 2) (To an extent it influences customer choice of hotel, as it defines scope of service being provided and also impacts brand creation process in eyes of customer)HotelsArea CoveredNumber of PropertiesRitz Carlton LLC across 5 Continents72Fairmont Raffles Hotels International GroupAcross 5 ContinentsAround 65Starwoods Hotel Resorts Le Meridien16 Countries116Four Seasons PLC35 Countries Across 5 Continents83InterContinental Hotel GroupAcross 60 Countries166(The Ritz Carlton, 2010 Four Seasons, 2010 InterContinental Hotels Resorts, 2010 Fairmont Hotels Resorts Starwoods Hotel Resorts, 2010)Table 1 Identifi ed Relevant Players on Basis of Geographical areaThe other two most important attributes identified from view point of customer are price and quality. Quality can be judged on several(prenominal) others important sub attributes (As Quality of food and beverage, physical appearance and in-room facilities, helpful and courtesy of staff, Technology etc.) and therefore this aspect is judged on basis of customer satisfaction index which provides comprehensive picture of it.About MMHI* Based on 35,000 customer interviews conducted each quarter, the Market Metrix Hospitality Index (MMHI) is the largest and most in-depth measure of hospitality company performance available today. (MMHI, 2010)Taj Hotels Resortsrc_logo_enIndustry CompetitorsFour Seasons Hotels PLCStarwoods Hotel Resorts -ST RegisMandarin Oriental Hotel GroupFairmont Raffles Hotels InternationalJumeirah Hotels ResortsPan Pacific Hotels ResortsWyndham Hotel GroupMarket CompetitorsMarriot Hotels Incorporation*Oberoi Hotels Resorts rosewood Hotels groupInter Continental Hotel GroupStarwoods Hotels Resorts Le MeridienFigure 6 Competitors analysis of Ritz-CarltonStarwoods Hotel Resorts* Its Brands, St. Regis Le Meridien targets luxury segment indoors total of 152 properties across world.Marriot Hotels Incorporation* Although Ritz Carlton is subsidary of Marriot Hotel Incorporation, it has got more than 18 brands and there is defiante possiblity that these brand may compete amongst each other and therefore Marriot Hotel Incorporation is also considered as Industry competitor.Perceptual occasionThe graph represents all the players targeting luxury segment with widespread presence all over the world under hospitality industry. Yet, it must be noted that level of quality, prices offered would differ under this banner as well and it is this factor that differentiates best in comparison to average player in eyes of customer which can be clearly identfied below. Ritz Calton fall under the segment of offeri ng High Quality with High Price.High QualityOberoi HotelsRitz CarltonLow PriceHigh PriceFour SeasonsInter ContinentalLe MeridienLow QualityFigure 7 Perceptual Mapping of Ritz CarltonPerceprtual Map enales us to find out gaps and provide us inights towards undertaking competitive action needed.(Brassington Pettitt)Gaps to be filled Up Customer needs to be satisfied.Pricing StrategyAs discussed above Ritz Carlton concentrates on sub-segments that act as advantage however the minimum base price it offers is subject to risk. Ritz Carlton price starts at about 200$ while that of Oberoi hotels reporting upper limit customer satisfaction (93.7) offers base price at 85$.Although, Ritz Carlton brand value is quite high compared to Oberoi group yet, Its a huge gap and therefore it must revise its pricing strategy. Moreover, all of its market competitors also offers relatively too low price, closest being Intercontinental group offering 156$ (See appendix). At same point of time Ritz Carltons closest rival Four Season offers almost equal quality of service (86.6) at price of just 141$ which is matter of worry as well.Improving Loyalty programmesRitz Carlton understands that complete customer satisfaction is one of the vital strategic to retain and maintaining long term relationship with its customer and it is best practising at that. (Bacon, 2005 Emerald Database, 2004) However, there is scope for improvement in its loyalty programmes as recent data indicates its loyalty program strength of 5% compared to industry average of 10 %. (See appendix). This will enhance its potential to gain increased customer loyalty.Attracting New Market by adapting service innovationsRitz Carlton is aware of the fact that the key to a hotels survival is its ability to cater services with changing needs and life styles of customers. (Min et al, 2002) There is no doubt that organisation completely understands changing relish of consumers i.e. people are now becoming more casual compared to traditional formalin approach.(Gunter and Heather, 2007) But this needs to be communicated to customers and therefore, there is need for Ritz Carlton to presents itself as modern, technological hotel group supporting needs of modern, young travellers. At same point of time, as recommended by Victorino et al (2005) company must move further towards service innovation with use of technology to differentiate itself from others. Ritz Carlton has already started implementing steps towards this approach however there is need for rapid actions and wide promotions with intentions to quickly change consumer perception towards its brand.2000 Euros for Managing Guest Grievance A Strategic MoveRitz-Carltons employees are allowed to spend up to $2,000 to redress a guests grievance. The employees are en desireed to spend the money to make a memorable stay for the guest in the hotel. Employees are encouraged to solve the guests complaints immediately on the spot. Permitting the employees to spen d a sum of $2,000 shows how much the company trust the judgement of their employees and employees can even spend more than $2,000 with the permission from general manager. The basic logic behind such action is, with existence of fierce contention within the market it is always difficult for firms to increase their market share and therefore key to continue successful growth lies in devoting larger part of firms resources on existing customers with intention to retain them and gain their loyalty (Tepeci M, 1999) Moreover, such act adds value to brand creation and customer satisfaction and that encourages customer to manufacture brand loyal. (Kandampully J and Suhartanto D, 2000) Most importantly, the question of such spending exceeds overheads does not arise as it is obvious that it doesnt get used on every customer. It acts as meaningful amount yet, used rarely. (Reiss R, 2009).Customer satisfaction is the key to customer retention. A greatly satisfied customer stays loyal longer w ith the company and talks favourably about the company. A loyal customer is less sensitive to price, pays less attention to the competitors brand and cost less to serve than vernal customer. From the customers who registered a complaint, between 54% and 70% will do business again with the same company if their complaint is resolved, these number could be pulled up to an enkindle 95% if the customer experiences that their complaint is resolved quickly. Customers who have complained to an organization and had their complaints satisfactorily resolved tell an average of five people about the good interference they received (Philip Kotler, 1977), which indirectly contributes to attract further new customer. Expanding the customer retention rate accumulates the customer lifetime value, and therefore this means life time tax revenue for company. On other hand company, attracting new customers are costly as that include cost of promotions, advertising and so on which can be avoided. The refore such action is termed as strategic Move by Ritz Carlton.There is also another point of view to this scenario which impacts internal working culture of within organisation. Allowing such amount to spend makes Employee feel that company respect them, trust them, considers them responsible and valuable and this generates feeling of empowerment impacting concept of service profit chain as discussed above. Employees get more engaged with company and works more responsibly ultimately resulting to exceptional customer service, which is the core aim of organisation.AppendixProduct Development by Ritz Carlton (i.e. to offer Special Packages) aims to attract more customers by influencing their behaviour and encouraging them to celebrate this important occasion with them and turn them to Life time Memories. (Festive Season Packages during Easter Christmas, Valentine Day at Ritz, Summer Break Packages, Weekends Special, and Family Packages)Ritz Valentine photo.jpg(Rogers Mark, 2009)Along with these Ritz Carlton also developed special packages for companies during times of recession to provide luxury at budgeted economy. Packages were upgraded to more facilities at lower price. Significant efforts were also laid down in promoting it and communicating it to end customers as well. This indicates Ritz Carlton ability to act as per changing external situations (Schultenover J Strout E, 2002)MMHI Results Market Metrix Hospitality index indicating customer satisfaction and average price results for hotels under luxury segment and Up Scale hotels.page0001.jpg(Source MMHI Results, 2009) idiot box BibliographyOfficial Ritz Carlton Promotional Videos1. New Gold Standard (2010) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW70hBP5cIc (Promotional Videos at hotel rooms and Websites)2. Ritz Culture (2007) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_iFSAAoQ-A (Interview of Diana Oreck, Vice President international Learning and Leadership Center)3. The Last Night (2008) http//video.yahoo.com/watch/2296201 /7207129 (Ritz Carlton Short celluloid in association with America Express)4. The Delay (2008) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oFz8E5fbJQ (Ritz Carlton Short Film in association with America Express)5. The Ritz London (2008) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQGlyhlhcK0 (Documentary on The Ritz London)

Problem Based Learning Essay -- essays research papers

What is PBLProblem based trying is any learning environment in which the problem that is asked is what drives the learning. In opposite words, to answer the problem that is given to you, you leave al unrivalled need to look things up and learn some things before being able to answer the question correctly. The problem is given so that the students discover that they need to learn some new knowledge before they can solve the problem. The first use of PBL was in medical examination schools, which test the knowledge base of graduates. PBL uses real world problems, not hypothetical cases where the answers are neat and convergent. The struggling with the actual problem is what makes the students learn. Through this struggling they learn both content and critical thinking skills. Problem based learning has several distinct characteristics, which may be identified and utilized in excogitation a curriculum. One of these distinctions is the reliance on problems to drive the curriculum. The problems do not test skills they only assist in development of the skills themselves. The problems are not popular problems the answers will not be able to be solved until the students themselves do more work. The second distinction is that the problems should not mean to have only wholeness solution, and as new information is gathered, perception of the problem and thus the solution changes. The third distinction, a very important distinction is that the students solve the problems. The teachers are unless coaches and facilitators. The fourth distinction, closely related to the third is that the students are only given guidelines to solving the problem. There is no such thing as a figure or direct way to solve the problem. The fifth and last distinction is the assessment. It is an authentic and performance based assessment and it is a seamless part and the overthrow of the instruction.There are five main stages for instructing with problem based learning and there are fou r main stages for a student to use. First we will discuss the stages for the instructor to use. The instructor has a choice of either having everyone stay as individuals or form small-scale groups of about 3 5 people. The instructor can ask the students to form their own groups, assign them, or draw from a lottery. The next stage the instructor must complete is presenting the problem. To do th... ...tage is examen your solution. Seek from your instructor the data that you need to run tests on your ideas. If all your possible solutions are eliminated, begin the cycle again. When you encounter data that confirm one of your hypotheses you may be asked to write an explanation of your solution and justify it using the available evidence.Problem based learning is a way of teaching that more or less teachers do not use right now. However it is a great way of learning if used properly. PBL can be used for individuals or small groups and can be effective either way. The instructor has only five main stages in developing a curriculum Forming the groups, presenting the problem, activating the groups, providing feedback, and asking for a solution. The students, although they do all the work, only have four stages Defining the problem carefully, exploring the possible solutions, narrowing the choices, and testing the solution.http//www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htm http//www.biology.iupui.edu/Biology_HTML_Docs/biocourses/K345/PBL_Web_Pages/SmallGroupPBL.html http//score.rims.k12.ca.us/problearn.html http//www.chemeng.mcmaster.ca/pbl/pbl.htm